一、合乎律法的宣誓是虔诚敬拜的一部分(申10:20;赛45:23;罗14:11;腓2:10-11),即在正当的场合,起誓者严肃地呼吁神见证自己的断言或承诺,并根据誓言的真伪审判自己(出20:7;利19:12;罗1:9;林后1:23;11:31;加1:20;代下6:22-23)。

A lawful oath is a part of religious worship, wherein upon just occasion, the person swearing solemnly calleth God to witness what he asserteth or promiseth; and to judge him according to the truth or falsehood of what he sweareth.

解读:

  • 宣誓就是人呼吁神作为自己的陈述或承诺的证人。与普通的陈述或承诺的不同之处在于,宣誓呼吁神审判、惩罚有虚假陈述,或不守承诺的起誓者。
  • 第二十一章第五节将宣誓与许愿界作为敬拜的一部分,是因为宣誓与许愿是在神与祂的百姓面前所立的。
  • 宣誓或许愿的首选方式应当是举手,这是圣经中所提到的惯例(创14:22;启10:5-6)。

二、惟有神的名才是人应当指着起誓的,使用它时应当存完全圣洁的敬畏和崇敬之心(申6:13;书23:7);因此,虚妄或轻率地指着那荣耀可畏之名起誓,或指着任何别的事物起誓,都是有罪的、可憎的(出20:7;耶5:7;太5:33-37;雅5:12)。然而,正如在重大和关键的事情上,宣誓无论在新约还是旧约中都被神的圣道所认可(来6:16;林后1:23;赛65:16),因此,在这类事情上,如果合乎律法的权柄强制要求合乎律法的宣誓,就应当遵行(王上8:31;尼13:25;拉10:5)。

The name of God only is that by which men ought to swear, and therein it is to be used with all holy fear and reverence; therefore to swear vainly or rashly by that glorious and dreadful name, or to swear at all by any other thing, is sinful, and to be abhorred. Yet, as, in matters of weight and moment, an oath is warranted by the Word of God, under the New Testament, as well as under the Old, so a lawful oath, being imposed by lawful authority, in such matters ought to be taken.

解读:

  • 只能指着神的名起誓:因为惟有神是无所不知、无所不能、公义良善、拥有审判的权柄,所以我们应当「指着祂的名起誓」(申6:13)。指着别的事物宣誓,就是窃取神的荣耀,属于偶像崇拜。
  • 宣誓合乎律法:旧约(申10:20)和新约(林后1:23)都是如此。第三诫预设的就是以神之名起誓的合法性,所告诫的是起假誓(出20:7;利19:12)。主耶稣并没有禁止宣誓,而是责备虚妄、轻率的宣誓习惯(太5:34-37)。起誓的态度应当是「凭诚实、公平、公义,指着永生的耶和华起誓」(耶4:2)。

三、凡宣誓者,都应该适当地考虑如此庄严之举的重要性,并且只为他完全相信的事实宣誓(出20:7;利19:12;耶4:2;何10:4)。宣誓者只能把自己约束于善良和公义的事、他所相信的事、以及他能够并决心履行的事上(创24:2-9;尼5:12-13;传5:2,5)。

Whosoever taketh an oath ought duly to consider the weightiness of so solemn an act, and therein to avouch nothing but what he is fully persuaded is the truth. Neither may any man bind himself by oath to any thing but what is good and just, and what he believeth so to be, and what he is able and resolved to perform.

解读:

  • 宣誓的两个条件:
    1. 陈述性的宣誓:必须确信事实。
    2. 承诺性的宣誓:必须确保那事是善良和公义的,并且能够并决心履行。
  • OPC版对本节有修订。

四、宣誓应当使用浅白和普通的字句,不可模棱两可或内心有所保留(耶4:2;诗24:4)。它不能强迫人犯罪;但在任何与犯罪无关的事情上,一旦宣誓,即使有损于自己,也必须履行(撒上25:22,32-34;诗15:4)——即使向异教徒或不信者所起的誓,也不可背信(结17:16-19;书9:18-19;撒下21:1)。

An oath is to be taken in the plain and common sense of the words, without equivocation or mental reservation. It cannot oblige to sin; but in anything not sinful, being taken, it binds to performance, although to a man’s own hurt: nor is it to be violated, although made to heretics or infidels.

解读:

  • 应该怎样宣誓:
    1. 使用浅白普通的字句。
    2. 不可用模棱两可的双关语,或内心有所保留意思的字句。
  • 宣誓的限制:
    1. 不能强迫人犯罪。
    2. 不怕吃亏:「他发了誓,虽然自己吃亏也不更改」(诗15:4)。
    3. 即使向异端或不信者,也不可背信。

五、许愿与带承诺的宣誓具有相似的性质,应当以同样的虔诚态度进行,并以同样的诚信履行(民30:2;赛19:21;传5:4-6;诗61:8;66:13-14)。

A vow is of the like nature with a promissory oath, and ought to be made with the like religious care, and to be performed with the like faithfulness.

六、许愿不能向着任何受造之物,只能向着神(诗50:14;76:11;116:14)——被接纳的许愿,必须是甘心乐意,出于信心和尽责的良心,为所蒙的怜悯表示感谢,或为求获得我们所要的;如此,我们更严格地约束自己履行必要的本分,或其他恰当地有助于这一目标的事情(申23:21-23;创28:20-22;撒上1:11;诗66:13-14;132:2-5)。

It is not to be made to any creature, but to God alone: and that it may be accepted, it is to be made voluntarily, out of faith and conscience of duty, in way of thankfulness for mercy received, or for obtaining of what we want; whereby we more strictly bind ourselves to necessary duties, or to other things, so far and so long as they may fitly conduce thereunto.

七、任何人都不得许愿去做神的道中禁止的任何事情,或会妨碍圣道所命令任何本分的事情,或不在他自己能力范围内的事情,以及他并没有得到神的应许或能力去履行的事情(徒23:12-14;可6:26;民30:5,8,12-13)。在这方面,修道院终生独身、自甘贫穷、服从戒律的誓愿,远非更高程度的完全,而是迷信和罪恶的网罗,任何基督徒都不能自陷其中(太19:11-12;林前7:2,9;来13:4;弗4:28;帖前4:11-12;林前7:23)。

No man may vow to do anything forbidden in the Word of God, or what would hinder any duty therein commanded, or which is not in his own power, and for the performance of which he hath no promise or ability from God. In which respects, monastical vows of perpetual single life, professed poverty, and regular obedience, are so far from being degrees of higher perfection, that they are superstitious and sinful snares, in which no Christian may entangle himself.

解读:

  • 许愿是向神许的,不是对人许的:「你向耶和华——你的神许愿,偿还不可迟延;因为耶和华——你的神必定向你追讨,你不偿还就有罪」(申23:21)。
  • 不合法的许愿是不当遵守的,应当立刻悔改,放弃所许的愿。