作者： 微仆

《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

二十、恩典之约

31问：上帝与何人立下恩典之约？

答：上帝的恩典之约是与作为第二亚当的基督而立，也是与所有在基督里蒙拣选成为基督后嗣之人而立的（加3:16；罗5:15-21；赛53:10-11）。

Question 31: With whom was the covenant of grace made?

Answer: The covenant of grace was made with Christ as the second Adam, and in him with all the elect as his seed.

32问：上帝在第二个约中的恩典是如何显明出来的？

答：上帝在第二个约中的恩典可从以下各点显明出来：1）白白为罪人预备并提供了一位中保（创3:15；赛42:6；约6:27），使罪人可以从而得着生命和救恩（约壹5:11－12）；2）应许并赐下圣灵给祂所拣选的人，使他们能以藉着圣灵的运作，生发渴慕中保的信心（林后4:13），以及其他诸般相应的恩典（加5:22-23），使他们得救（约3:16；1:12）；3）赐他们能以按照祂所指定的得救之道（弗2:18），藉着敬虔和顺服（结36:27；各1:26，27）证明他们对上帝真实的信心（雅2:18，22），与真实的感恩（林后5:14-15）。

Question 32: How is the grace of God manifested in the second covenant?

Answer: The grace of God is manifested in the second covenant, in that he freely provides and offers to sinners a Mediator, and life and salvation by him; and requiring faith as the condition to interest them in him, promises and gives his Holy Spirit to all his elect, to work in them that faith, with all other saving graces; and to enable them unto all holy obedience, as the evidence of the truth of their faith and thankfulness to God, and as the way which he has appointed them to salvation.
《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十九、行为之约

30问：上帝是否任凭全人类在罪恶和痛苦的状态中灭亡？

答：上帝并不因人类违背了与祂所立的第一个约，即行为之约（加3:10，12），就任凭他们在罪恶和痛苦的状态中灭亡（帖前5:9）；反过来，祂却因为祂的慈爱和怜悯，就藉着第二个约，即恩典之约，将祂的选民拯救到得救的地位上（多3:4-7；加3:21；罗3:20-22）。

Question 30: Does God leave all mankind to perish in the estate of sin and misery?

Answer: God does not leave all men to perish in the estate of sin and misery,into which they fell by the breach of the first covenant, commonly called the covenant of works; but of his mere love and mercy delivers his elect out of it, and brings them into an estate of salvation by the second covenant,commonly called the covenant of grace.
《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十八、罪所导致的惩罚

27问：堕落给人类带来什么痛苦？

答：堕落令人类断送了与上帝之间的交通（创3:8，10，24），招致上帝的不悦和咒诅；使我们在本性上成为可怒之子（弗2:2－3）、撒但之奴（提后2:26），该面对今生及永世一切的惩罚（创2:17；哀3:39；罗6:23；太25:41，46；犹7）。

Question 27: What misery did the fall bring upon mankind?

Answer: The fall brought upon mankind the loss of communion with God, his displeasure and curse; so as we are by nature children of wrath, bond slaves to Satan, and justly liable to all punishments in this world, and that which is to come.

28问：罪所带来今生的惩罚是什么？

答：罪所带来今生的惩罚，内在方面，包括心思昏暗（弗4:18）、心灵邪僻（罗1:28）、心理（理性）错乱（帖后2:11）、心态刚硬（罗2:5）、心境不安（良心恐惧）（赛33:14；创4:13；太27:4）、心念败坏（罗1:26）；外在方面，万物因我们的缘故受了上帝的咒诅（创3:17），各样痛苦也必临到我们的肉身、名誉、产业、关系、工作（申28:15－18），而至终我们也都必以死亡为归结（罗5:12；6:23）。

Question 28: What are the punishments of sin in this world?

Answer: The punishments of sin in this world are either inward, as blindness of mind, a reprobate sense, strong delusions, hardness of heart, horror of conscience, and vile affections; or outward, as the curse of God upon the creatures for our sakes, and all other evils that befall us in our bodies,names, estates, relations, and employments; together with death itself.

29问：罪所带来永世的惩罚是什么？

答：罪所带来永世的惩罚就是永远与上帝美善的同在隔绝，灵魂和身体永远在地狱的烈火中遭受极其痛苦、没有间断的煎熬（帖后1:9；可9:43-44，46，48；路16:24）。

Question 29: What are the punishments of sin in the world to come?

Answer: The punishments of sin in the world to come, are everlasting separation from the comfortable presence of God, and most grievous torments in soul and body, without intermission, in hell fire forever.
《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十七、原罪

23问：堕落将人类带入怎样的状态里？

答：堕落使人类陷入罪恶与灾苦的状态里（罗5:12；3:23）。

Question 23: Into what estate did the fall bring mankind?

Answer: The fall brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery.

24问：罪是什么？

答：罪就是未遵守，或触犯上帝的任何律法，即上帝对生俱理性之人所给予的准则（约壹3:4；加3:10，12）。

Question 24: What is sin?

Answer: Sin is any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, any law of God, given as a rule to the reasonable creature.

25问：人堕落后陷入了怎样的罪恶状态中？

答：人堕落后所陷入罪恶的状态，涵盖于亚当于其首次犯罪时所带来的罪咎（罗5:12，19），所丧失的受造之义，所导致人性的败坏，使他对一切属灵美善之事麻木不仁、无能为力、甚至背道而驰，并彻底倾向一切的邪恶，欲罢不能（罗3:10－19；弗2:1－3；罗5:6；8:7－8；创6:5），也就是一般所说的原罪，以及由原罪所引发诸般的本罪（雅1:14－15；太15:19）。

Question 25: Wherein consists the sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell?

Answer: The sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell, consists in the guilt of Adam’s first sin, the want of that righteousness wherein he was created, and the corruption of his nature, whereby he is utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite unto all that is spiritually good, and wholly inclined to all evil, and that continually; which is commonly called original sin, and from which do proceed all actual transgressions.

26问：原罪如何从我们的始祖遗传给他们的后裔？

答：原罪乃藉自然之繁殖由我们的始祖遗传给他们的后代子孙。如此，凡从他们而出的人也都自然而然怀于罪中、生于罪中（诗51:5；伯14:4；15:14；约3:6）。

Question 26: How is original sin conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity?

Answer: Original sin is conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity by natural generation, so as all that proceed from them in that way are conceived and born in sin.
《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十六、亚当的代表性

22问：是否全人类都于此第一次过犯中堕落了？

答：亚当既作为众人的代表，所以上帝与他之约，就不单只是为他一人而立，也是为所有从他而出，绵延不绝的后裔，以至乎全人类而立（徒17:26）。如此，地上万族就都在亚当第一次的过犯中与他一同犯了罪，也与他一同堕落了（创2:16-17；罗5:12-20；林前15:21-22）。

Question 22: Did all mankind fall in that first transgression?

Answer: The covenant being made with Adam as a public person, not for himself only, but for his posterity, all mankind descending from him by ordinary generation, sinned in him, and fell with him in that first transgression.

《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十五、始祖的堕落

21问：始祖是否一直处于原初受造时的地位上？

答：我们的始祖既按所赋予之自由意识，在撒但的诱惑下，吃了禁果，违背了上帝的诫命，就从原初被造时天真无邪的地位上堕落了（创3:6－8，13；传7:29；林后11:3）。

Question 21: Did man continue in that estate wherein God at first created him?

Answer: Our first parents being left to the freedom of their own will, through the temptation of Satan, transgressed the commandment of God in eating the forbidden fruit; and thereby fell from the estate of innocency wherein they were created.
《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十四．上帝对人的护理

20问：上帝对处于原初受造之地位上的人有何护理之工？

答：上帝对处于原初受造地位上之人的护理之工，就是将他安置在乐园里，吩咐他修理看守园子，赐他自由可以食用地上各样果子（创2:8，15-16）；将所有受造之物都置于他的治理之下（创1:28）；设立婚配，使他能有个帮手（创2:18）；为他提供与上帝交契的可能（创1:26-29；创3:8）；制定安息日（创2:3）；还与他订立了生命之约，以生命树为信为据（创2:9），以他愿否切实、完全、持续顺命为条件（加3:12；罗10:5），并禁止他吃分辨善恶之树上的果子，以免遭致死亡之悲痛（创2:17）。

Question 20: What was the providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created?

Answer: The providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created, was the placing him in paradise, appointing him to dress it, giving him liberty to eat of the fruit of the earth; putting the creatures under his dominion, and ordaining marriage for his help; affording him communion with himself; instituting the sabbath; entering into a covenant of life with him, upon condition of personal, perfect, and perpetual obedience, of which the tree of life was a pledge; and forbidding to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, upon the pain of death.

《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十三、上帝对天使的护理

19问：上帝对天使有何护理之工？

答：为使自己得荣耀，上帝藉其护理，上帝为了自己的荣耀，藉其护理之工，容许部份天使，在祂的限制和定规下（伯1:12；太8:31），蓄意堕落犯罪，并硬心到底，自取灭亡（犹6；彼后2:4；来2:16；约8:44）；又按自己旨意所喜悦的，藉着自己权柄、怜悯、公义之治理（王下19:35；来1:14），使其余的天使都被建立在圣洁和喜乐之中（提前5:21；可8:38；来12:22）。

Question 19: What is God’s providence towards the angels?

Answer: God by his providence permitted some of the angels, wilfully and irrecoverably, to fall into sin and damnation, limiting and ordering that, and all their sins, to his own glory; and established the rest in holiness and happiness; employing them all, at his pleasure, in the administrations of his power, mercy, and justice.

《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十二、上帝的护理之工

18问：何为上帝的护理之工？

答：上帝的护理之工就是祂对所造万有至圣（诗145:17）、至智（诗104:24；赛28:29）、至能的维护（来1:3）和统管（诗103:19），使万有，以及万有之运作（太10:29-31；创45:7），全都为了他的荣耀，照着祂的定规成就实现（罗11:36；赛63:14）。

Question 18: What are God’s works of providence?

Answer: God’s works of providence are his most holy, wise, and powerful preserving and governing all his creatures; ordering them, and all their actions, to his own glory.

《威斯敏斯特大教理问答》

十一、上帝创造人

17问：上帝如何创造人？

答：上帝造万物之后，就造男人女人（创1:27）；先用地上的尘土造了男人的身体，后用男人的肋骨造了女人（创2:22），赋予他们有生命、有理性、永存不朽的灵魂（创2:7；伯35:11；传12:7；太10:28；路23:43）；就是按祂自己有知识（西3:10）、有公义和圣洁（弗4:24）的形象创造他们（创1:27）；又将律法写在他们心里（罗2:14-15），赐给他们遵行律法的能力及统管万有的权柄，但听凭他们或顺命，或堕落（创3:6；传7:29）。

Question 17: How did God create man?

Answer: After God had made all other creatures, he created man male and female; formed the body of the man of the dust of the ground, and the woman of the rib of the man, endued them with living, reasonable, and immortal souls; made them after his own image, in knowledge, righteousness,and holiness; having the law of God written in their hearts, and power to fulfil it, and dominion over the creatures; yet subject to fall.